| You need a browser with JavaScript support in order to view the molecule in 3D |
|
Transitions — Left-clk & drag: Zoom; Right-clk: reset |
|
Frequency [wavenumbers] |
Wavelength [microns] |
Integrated cross-section [km/mol] |
Symmetry | Scaling factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3091 | 3.235 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3091 | 3.235 | 89.59 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3079 | 3.248 | 8.315 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3079 | 3.248 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3070 | 3.258 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3070 | 3.258 | 36.94 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3066 | 3.261 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3066 | 3.261 | 197.1 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3065 | 3.262 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3065 | 3.262 | 205.1 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3056 | 3.272 | 53.95 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3056 | 3.272 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3053 | 3.276 | 68.45 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3053 | 3.276 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3051 | 3.278 | 39.44 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3051 | 3.278 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3050 | 3.279 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3050 | 3.279 | 76.08 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3048 | 3.281 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3048 | 3.281 | 5.857 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3047 | 3.282 | 2.905 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 3047 | 3.282 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3045 | 3.284 | 0 | AG | 0.9597 |
| 3045 | 3.284 | 2.274 | BU | 0.9597 |
| 1644 | 6.084 | 165.4 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1642 | 6.091 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1627 | 6.147 | 25.71 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1624 | 6.156 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1620 | 6.172 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1618 | 6.182 | 102.8 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1610 | 6.212 | 163.3 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1609 | 6.216 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1598 | 6.258 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1597 | 6.263 | 235.5 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1594 | 6.272 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1593 | 6.278 | 33.91 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1589 | 6.292 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1587 | 6.303 | 427 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1583 | 6.318 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1580 | 6.331 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1578 | 6.338 | 44.1 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1570 | 6.37 | 24.28 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1562 | 6.401 | 45.82 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1562 | 6.404 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1555 | 6.429 | 11.01 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1555 | 6.431 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1548 | 6.461 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1542 | 6.487 | 2.669 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1538 | 6.501 | 458.2 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1532 | 6.527 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1524 | 6.561 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1512 | 6.614 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1510 | 6.622 | 0.8457 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1506 | 6.639 | 35.58 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1502 | 6.658 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1499 | 6.669 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1485 | 6.734 | 82.49 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1484 | 6.74 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1480 | 6.756 | 3.065 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1475 | 6.78 | 243.4 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1470 | 6.805 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1465 | 6.826 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1464 | 6.831 | 4.908 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1458 | 6.858 | 20.57 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1456 | 6.87 | 3.015 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1455 | 6.873 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1448 | 6.907 | 15.21 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1446 | 6.917 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1445 | 6.919 | 9.515 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1440 | 6.944 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1436 | 6.962 | 18.71 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1433 | 6.976 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1430 | 6.994 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1426 | 7.014 | 15.74 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1418 | 7.054 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1414 | 7.073 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1411 | 7.089 | 64.43 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1410 | 7.094 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1409 | 7.097 | 43.57 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1402 | 7.134 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1400 | 7.143 | 7.542 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1397 | 7.156 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1395 | 7.169 | 19.39 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1390 | 7.197 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1388 | 7.203 | 27 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1387 | 7.211 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1386 | 7.213 | 1.137 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1384 | 7.223 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1384 | 7.226 | 12.86 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1379 | 7.251 | 8.987 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1379 | 7.252 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1376 | 7.27 | 17.47 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1374 | 7.277 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1374 | 7.28 | 33.73 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1364 | 7.329 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1364 | 7.333 | 21.4 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1360 | 7.352 | 213.2 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1359 | 7.36 | 22.56 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1356 | 7.374 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1354 | 7.387 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1352 | 7.394 | 76.92 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1348 | 7.42 | 4.232 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1345 | 7.435 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1340 | 7.461 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1333 | 7.501 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1331 | 7.511 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1330 | 7.518 | 224.1 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1323 | 7.558 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1320 | 7.577 | 52.77 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1318 | 7.589 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1314 | 7.608 | 3.18 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1308 | 7.648 | 388.5 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1305 | 7.666 | 2.374 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1301 | 7.685 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1299 | 7.697 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1287 | 7.773 | 32.86 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1281 | 7.808 | 176 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1273 | 7.856 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1272 | 7.861 | 32.98 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1267 | 7.892 | 190.8 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1263 | 7.917 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1259 | 7.945 | 358.4 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1256 | 7.964 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1244 | 8.041 | 131 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1230 | 8.127 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1214 | 8.236 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1210 | 8.262 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1210 | 8.267 | 10.27 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1205 | 8.299 | 23.95 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1204 | 8.309 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1203 | 8.315 | 52.48 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1202 | 8.32 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1201 | 8.329 | 14.25 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1188 | 8.417 | 29.21 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1186 | 8.431 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1183 | 8.452 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1182 | 8.459 | 235.4 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1179 | 8.478 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1170 | 8.55 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1163 | 8.596 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1159 | 8.63 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1159 | 8.631 | 181.4 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1155 | 8.658 | 34.69 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1155 | 8.661 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1151 | 8.688 | 321.5 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1149 | 8.7 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1130 | 8.853 | 0 | AG | 0.9691 |
| 1122 | 8.912 | 6.014 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1117 | 8.95 | 11.17 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1114 | 8.975 | 6.037 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1095 | 9.131 | 4.177 | BU | 0.9691 |
| 1080 | 9.262 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 1077 | 9.285 | 8.634 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 1075 | 9.304 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 1074 | 9.311 | 22.91 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 1051 | 9.51 | 3.598 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 1047 | 9.548 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 1044 | 9.58 | 1.817 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 1041 | 9.608 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 1040 | 9.619 | 10.43 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 1034 | 9.668 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 967.1 | 10.34 | 1.066 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 962 | 10.4 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 961.7 | 10.4 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 961.7 | 10.4 | 0.2146 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 956.7 | 10.45 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 956.6 | 10.45 | 0.0293 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 945 | 10.58 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 945 | 10.58 | 0.0049 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 941.6 | 10.62 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 940.9 | 10.63 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 929.1 | 10.76 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 919.7 | 10.87 | 2.347 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 914.1 | 10.94 | 1.854 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 910.2 | 10.99 | 16.52 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 889.4 | 11.24 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 886.6 | 11.28 | 196 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 886.4 | 11.28 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 884.5 | 11.31 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 881.3 | 11.35 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 879.3 | 11.37 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 878.9 | 11.38 | 6.548 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 859.9 | 11.63 | 77.11 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 857.9 | 11.66 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 852.2 | 11.73 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 846.4 | 11.81 | 12.3 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 842.9 | 11.86 | 4.601 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 837.2 | 11.94 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 828.7 | 12.07 | 4.173 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 827.8 | 12.08 | 5.48 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 822.2 | 12.16 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 818.8 | 12.21 | 6.473 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 809.2 | 12.36 | 7.718 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 800.4 | 12.49 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 799.3 | 12.51 | 28.98 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 797.1 | 12.55 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 796.8 | 12.55 | 15.79 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 794.6 | 12.59 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 791.5 | 12.63 | 2.433 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 788.6 | 12.68 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 784.4 | 12.75 | 0.3417 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 779.9 | 12.82 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 777.9 | 12.86 | 1.314 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 773.6 | 12.93 | 0.0058 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 773.6 | 12.93 | 4.861 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 772.5 | 12.94 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 752.7 | 13.29 | 1.952 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 746.3 | 13.4 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 743.9 | 13.44 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 743.2 | 13.46 | 6.648 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 740.8 | 13.5 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 739.8 | 13.52 | 0.0109 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 726.4 | 13.77 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 725.7 | 13.78 | 0.0223 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 719.6 | 13.9 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 716.5 | 13.96 | 3.371 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 716.2 | 13.96 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 715.4 | 13.98 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 715.2 | 13.98 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 713.5 | 14.01 | 0.9303 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 709.9 | 14.09 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 709.1 | 14.1 | 0.3704 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 704.2 | 14.2 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 703.4 | 14.22 | 0.0858 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 698.6 | 14.31 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 674.1 | 14.83 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 667.9 | 14.97 | 8.502 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 667.3 | 14.99 | 4.062 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 662.9 | 15.09 | 0.0578 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 653 | 15.31 | 0.3737 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 651.1 | 15.36 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 649.3 | 15.4 | 1.19 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 646 | 15.48 | 2.301 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 645.7 | 15.49 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 643.1 | 15.55 | 3.355 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 637.7 | 15.68 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 634 | 15.77 | 0.0001 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 633.4 | 15.79 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 630.5 | 15.86 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 628.1 | 15.92 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 627.6 | 15.93 | 2.019 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 623.4 | 16.04 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 622.4 | 16.07 | 0.1966 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 619.7 | 16.14 | 0.101 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 613 | 16.31 | 0.0138 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 609.4 | 16.41 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 606.8 | 16.48 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 605.9 | 16.5 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 600.9 | 16.64 | 8.754 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 596.1 | 16.78 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 593.4 | 16.85 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 590 | 16.95 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 589.3 | 16.97 | 8.07 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 588.6 | 16.99 | 0.0555 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 587.7 | 17.02 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 586.3 | 17.06 | 22.97 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 584.5 | 17.11 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 583.6 | 17.13 | 3.676 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 582.1 | 17.18 | 0 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 579.3 | 17.26 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 574 | 17.42 | 1.015 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 570.8 | 17.52 | 3.018 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 569.6 | 17.56 | 6.575 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 568.7 | 17.58 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 553.9 | 18.05 | 0.9173 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 553.3 | 18.07 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 553.3 | 18.07 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 550 | 18.18 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 546.9 | 18.28 | 0.6536 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 539.8 | 18.52 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 539.5 | 18.54 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 537.9 | 18.59 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 536.8 | 18.63 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 526.1 | 19.01 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 518.9 | 19.27 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 515.4 | 19.4 | 0.0015 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 508 | 19.68 | 0.0984 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 506 | 19.76 | 0.9444 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 502.5 | 19.9 | 0.0013 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 499.8 | 20.01 | 9.372 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 499.2 | 20.03 | 6.268 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 497.2 | 20.11 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 495.5 | 20.18 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 474.5 | 21.08 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 446.5 | 22.4 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 443.6 | 22.54 | 0.3296 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 440.5 | 22.7 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 439.3 | 22.76 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 438.9 | 22.79 | 0.1134 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 431.9 | 23.15 | 1.641 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 430 | 23.25 | 2.69 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 428.5 | 23.34 | 0.0014 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 420.9 | 23.76 | 0 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 417.9 | 23.93 | 0.0028 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 415.7 | 24.05 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 406.7 | 24.59 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 406.3 | 24.61 | 0.001 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 403.5 | 24.78 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 401.2 | 24.92 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 400.8 | 24.95 | 4.332 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 398.6 | 25.09 | 0.45 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 398.5 | 25.09 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 387 | 25.84 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 380.4 | 26.29 | 0.0492 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 372.9 | 26.82 | 4.085 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 366.7 | 27.27 | 1.057 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 360.7 | 27.73 | 0.0424 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 359.4 | 27.82 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 357.3 | 27.99 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 348.9 | 28.66 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 337.7 | 29.61 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 329.4 | 30.35 | 0.0032 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 321.3 | 31.12 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 313 | 31.95 | 0.0503 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 311.6 | 32.09 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 311 | 32.16 | 1.551 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 305.8 | 32.7 | 3.213 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 296.3 | 33.75 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 293.9 | 34.03 | 5.816 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 293.7 | 34.05 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 291.9 | 34.26 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 274.3 | 36.46 | 0.2407 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 273 | 36.63 | 0.1361 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 265.6 | 37.65 | 1.732 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 245.1 | 40.8 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 239.6 | 41.74 | 0.0114 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 236.2 | 42.33 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 234.5 | 42.64 | 0.0441 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 231 | 43.3 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 215.9 | 46.31 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 204.4 | 48.93 | 4.982 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 201.6 | 49.59 | 34.2 | BU | 0.9794 |
| 200.7 | 49.83 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 199 | 50.25 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 188.8 | 52.97 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 187.8 | 53.24 | 0 | AG | 0.9794 |
| 176 | 56.81 | 0.0134 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 172.9 | 57.84 | 0.0085 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 171 | 58.49 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 135.4 | 73.87 | 0.0074 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 129.7 | 77.09 | 0.0001 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 128.9 | 77.56 | 3.381 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 123.8 | 80.79 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 120.1 | 83.24 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 81.59 | 122.6 | 0.0023 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 79.04 | 126.5 | 0.2454 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 78.64 | 127.2 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 75.33 | 132.7 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 71.64 | 139.6 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 52.74 | 189.6 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 42.03 | 237.9 | 0 | BG | 0.9794 |
| 30.82 | 324.5 | 1.141 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 22.43 | 445.9 | 0.0796 | AU | 0.9794 |
| 21.59 | 463.2 | 0.0794 | AU | 0.9794 |
Note(s):
You are kindly asked to consider the following references for citation when using the database: